What happens during osteoclastogenesis?
M-CSF inhibits osteoclastogenesis
RANKL triggers osteoclastogenesis
OPG stimulates osteoclastogenesis
RANKL is produced by pre-osteoclasts
Inhibition of matrix metalloproteases (MMP)
What is true about calcium?
Calcium concentration in the blood varies greatly
Calcitriol stimulates calcium absorption by the bone
PTH stimulates calcium reabsorption by the kidney
The skeleton contains 60% of total body calcium as hydroxyapatite crystals
Calcitriol inhibits calcium absorption by the intestine
Which one of the following statements is correct?
DKK1 is a positive regulator of bone formation
Oestrogen promotes the production of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and suppresses the action of RANKL
Activation of Wnt/ β-catenin signalling decreases osteogenesis
Oestrogen deficiency leads to reduced secretion of IL-1, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)
All of the above
What process is characterised by uncoupled bone formation and resorption?
Bone remodelling
Bone modelling
Osteogenesis
Mineralisation
Trabecularisation
Which hormone is primarily involved in regulating calcium homeostasis?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Ghrelin
Thyroxine
Cortisol
Prostaglandins
What protein inhibits the WNT signalling pathway to regulate bone formation?
Sclerostin
Osteocalcin
RANKL
Cathepsin K
Osteopontin