Which of the following statements is NOT a secondary cause of osteoporosis?
Cystic fibrosis
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Diabetes mellitus
Parkinson's disease
None of the above
In diabetic patients
Hip fracture rate is similar in patients with diabetes and in the general population
Diabetes does not alter bone microarchitecture
Hyperglycaemia leads to initiation and generation of advanced glycosylation end products (AGE)
Bone turnover markers predict fracture risk in patients with diabetes
The risk of fall is decreased in diabetic patients
Which of the following statements is correct?
The bioavailability of oral bisphosphonate is higher in patients with gastrointestinal diseases
The risk of hip fracture is normal in men and women with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) compared to the general population
Osteoporosis affects up to a third of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Second osteoporosis affects < 50% of men
Hip fracture incidence remains stable as CKD progresses
Which medication is a common cause of secondary osteoporosis?
Calcium supplements
Excess glucocorticoids
Vitamin D
Antihistamines
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)
A 58-year-old woman with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) presented with a fragility fracture of the hip. Her HbA1c is 8.2%, and she has been taking thiazolidinediones for over 5 years. Which factor contributes most to the increased risk of fracture?
Normal bone mineral density (BMD) measured by DXA
Short-term diabetes
Use of thiazolidinediones and poor glycaemic control
Increased vitamin D synthesis
High insulin levels
A 42-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is on long-term glucocorticoid therapy. She reports a recent vertebral compression fracture. Which of the following mechanisms best explains her bone loss?
Inhibition of RANKL expression
Increased osteoclast activity
Increase in the Wnt signalling pathway
Increased expression of Dickkopf-related protein 1 (Dkk1)
Reduced production of inflammatory cytokine production