Which of the following statements is correct?
There is no evidence that calcium and vitamin D supplementation reduces bone loss and fractures
Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation from the sun on the skin is one of the major sources of vitamin D in humans
In general, vitamin D insufficiency is defined as a serum level of 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L
The recommended dietary allowance of protein for adults is 2.0 g protein/kg body weight
Calcium supplements should be limited to 1000-1200 mg/day
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is to be hydroxylated to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the kidney
Dairy products are not the best biologically available dietary source of calcium
Phosphorus deficiency of dietary origin is common
High protein diets result in higher intestinal calcium absorption
Protein intake does not influence the production of IGF-1
Sodium intake inhibits urinary calcium excretion
Fibre intake improves intestinal calcium absorption
Magnesium intake inhibits the secretion of parathyroid hormone
Insulin-like growth factor-1 directly stimulates bone resorption
Vegetarian diet has no negative effect on fracture risk
Which of the following is NOT a lifestyle factor that increases the risk of osteoporosis?
Low calcium intake
Sedentary lifestyle with little or no exercise
High intake of dairy products
Low body mass index (BMI)
Excessive alcohol consumption
Which statement about calcium intake and bone health is TRUE?
Calcium supplementation is necessary for all individuals to prevent osteoporosis
Dairy products are the best dietary source of biologically available calcium
Calcium supplementation alone has been consistently shown to reduce the risk of fracture
Calcium supplements should always be taken at doses exceeding 1000 mg/day
Calcium intake has no effect on bone mineral density
How does protein intake influence bone health?
It has no impact on bone health
Low protein intake is associated with increased bone mineral density
Protein intake influences the production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which plays a role in bone metabolism
High protein intake decreases intestinal calcium absorption
Protein intake is only beneficial when combined with excessive vitamin K consumption